the history of the universe
mallard
452 Posts
new millenium enertainment present the stephehan hawking a cshort history of the universerecording cambridgefirst timei am going to five this course of lectures with the help of a computer and synthesize etci shall try to give a theory adeas about the uinivsersthe universe is not static it desniety is not empyou iwll never come out of this black hole againthis is a singularityhowevery general relativigity....tying out from left to rightthese are formed when a massi e star comallapses in on itself according to floolish forverthis ldead to vmi would be like the surface of ethe earth but with 2 more deminesnionsthe past is so diffeertn from the future even the laws of physicics are triosmetirucwe shall really understand the unieverseideasto combe back to the subject of this lectureas long ago as 5230 bb asnharistotle was ablke to put forththe earth coming betewen the sun of tghe moonif ther aerth happene da falp discunless the exlipse occured a second......from the difference in the apparent positivon of thea redisounathe a050 iait not ahainmo but habbe a yards this mwould make ariang uoaccepte difigue theg greeks sghaea fehgo asneone btaha the horizonswisince wheb does when see the arerth coming fomr the hozeiriozonand the fie planets lnown that timethe planets are complicatedthey are fixe starsnow i am broadcastingthere is a lgihter sensea much simpler model was proposede by a pollish priestcopernicussadly a century passed before he was seriouslythen javenmecker and galelaleellyly observedit wa true the ptolemayic theory upstarted serving the knights dry with a telescopethe moons of jupiter moved at exteremely fast appreaances around the earthkeepplerrrrrhes done it againthe predicionts now finally matched the observationseliptical ordiancesnes were repugenant than circleshe could not reconcled with the plastics were made to a level next to 687 when newton published his notorialistic causethe only most imopratnat physical sciecesn everhse not only feveloped timebut delecpoped a guniversal graviatiaion to those around itthe story that newton was hit on the applesimply apocryhpalto know that something that is so dry and abesnt is so vididwould they not all fall together at some pointthen im not rihard bentleythis would not have happened if there were only a finitire number of starsthere area nifintienumberofstarsone is talking about infitinyone is talking about infitiyone is talking about infiityone ifs talkingbeout ingietione is talking about ingitienyone is talking about infiritiyone is atalking about infitniyone is talking a hout infitnyround a ryhtym exaplin just aexaplinnoone had suggested the univeserse was expanding or ctranactingit was not created as we observe it todaybelieve in ineternal truthsthey may grow old and diethe univserese is old and ahcneginhthe universe could not be staticthey attempted to modyigy the theoryHOWEVERif the stars in some region in some attraction became strongerWAITthere is a man outside in a motoryclrYETif that happened, the intervening matter would blow up til it glowed 'tas brightly as the surface of the sun would be had the stars not been shiinng foreverhad it not reachedusto bring usto the question of whjat the stars had to say for themselvesthe begininng of the universethe begininger of the universe of course had been described for a long timewe starting describing itthey were describing itthe univerese were ddescribing itit could not have been around all that longfor otherwise we woulve already progressedmore thanwe hadthere isnomanjustamotorcyclein other wordsTHEINIVERSREISEXPANDINGNGGGGG~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!if there were events earkuer than this time then there existence would have no observational consequencessthe earlier time would not be dfeinifedwould be very differentan unchanging beginninga constant beginningthere is no physical necessity for a beginningwould could not god create the physical eraeesons for there could be a beginingin the instanceof aabgbiggbiangbangour sun is just an ordinary sized yellow starchains chains change in pinpoints of lifewe cannot determine there size or shapeso howcanwe tell stars apartthere is onlyoneocaracteristic featureit is spectrumit is the rainbowthe relative brightness of the different colorsis emitted by an item glowing red hotthis meansMOREROVRRRRRRRRR++++we know that each chemical element obesrves very specific set of those whicy are present in the stars atmosphereein the 1920as whent astronomners found something most peculiararthe shiftedtwoards REDDDDendar spectrumthe . galxies., are . moving . away. from u.sred shiftedred shigt was not randombut was directly proportional to the galzides distance form usthe universe could not be staticthe distanes was growing all timeall the timeal of tihmeof la the timehowever if it was expanding at more than a critical rategravity could not stop itthis is what happenswhen one rockfires another upwardstowards the surface of the eratheventually gravity grabs the rocketand will not be string enough tp pull it backforce whichunlike orther forcesdid not come from a particular sourcebalance an attraction of all of the matter of the universeonly one man it seems was willing to take relativity at face value......................................the russian phrysicit alexander frreeedmanis dead seton explaining it.........................................................................nopgeistsa very sensitive mircoooowavedont be worriedyour detector is not picjking up more noise than it ought todo not check for bird droppingsthere is noise
form within the atmopshereebecause the atomppershe appears thincker when lookingat the lagnleoaof theavVETIRCALsince it appears to be the same and different directionthe univesere must be the same and fdifereent direcitonwhichever direction we look itthe reaction for which we take itintrdocuting a suggestiononce a studenthot and densewhite hottou should still be able to see this glowingits reaching is nownow at first sightbiw that it looks whicerher way it is that we look itIN PARTICULARTHERE ISHWOEVERwe are not for or against this assumptionwe are engrained in our modestynot around under points in the universeNOTessnetially blowing up a balloon which could be the center of the expansionthe fast theyer are moving aprartthe speed at ehich any two gallexces are moving apaeratare precitaded by the proportional distance from usEXATLYhasUblwlefound itITtho it does slow it down a biteventually the falaxies are moving apart at a steady speedfianyllthere is a recollapsein this cas eof eserpartaionhoweeverincreasesFORCEVErbut not quite reaching zerospace is bent round onto itself making it not unlike travelling the surface of the earth against an impassabvle barrier OVER THE EDHEGE back toWHereWoneStaretedthe ideas that make good science fictiondont havepractical syngtificancewould need to travel faster tanlightthat is not allowedtravel faster than lightwillW????will the universe ecaenuatally expand contracintgn?....every 5% 10% EVERYT HOUSE AND YEAARSall the loest estaimate of arate of epxansionmust containt dark matterwhich we know must be ehtereits distorts and racesa aagainst the effect of the emotion on the 1/10th required of lall expnsionsup to the ciritical valueBUT DONT BANK ON ITTall we can sure is the univserse will reccollapse for 1000 milli0000n yearsthis will dooly not sure worry usfor long since man have since died outthey relinquish man for the dine of our dustthe big bangall of the freidman solutions bewtween 10 and 200000 years ago at the time we called the big bagng at the curvature of space time would be invifinite which means that would preidvt that there is a singlukar teime in the uiniveserse that spacee time is smooth and nearly flast theat would space time is infintie ti sbve bthe bi aodofantke iafmoa ajejt akgjoaj akac ocrrespondingly if we know alonly what has happend since the big bang we canknowonlyofwhathadhappenedbeforeittweshouldthereforecontourofoutofthemodelandsayfortimehadabegininingethebigbangprobably becauseeof its catholic church serized on the big bang model in faccoredand withTHEbibbllewas suggested in 1948 by tw0 refugrees whod worked on them radudrudruginyl the warwould therefore look roughly the sameat all poiwnts in space ato allow for the contiunal creation of matteraaboutONE particleper cuble awould not conflict with ecpeiermentwas simplemade defineite prediticsotnsshould be the same wheneverand whereverwe LOokok un the universethe cambridge group showed that most of these radiou sources were interperetedarigihtoutsielowerdediatntstorngierwthereaappaeraigaananearbyaouservstheiscouldhaveameantthateaweweereaataacenterofaaaaALTERNATIVELYthis could mean that shte sources weere more numerous than in the pasteither conflagarationMOREOVERthe discoevery of the microwabe wadiation byPANZEUS and WILSONin the 9156 attmpeted to avoid the conldusionthere wasa ebgigingthey suiggsestd that a big bang might be a peculirarityPERHAPSFEREIDMANDDDDDDDthey were all at the sample placethey all looked eat each other sideaywstheyd been at the same placesonly closeCLSOERtogetherthey mightve flown pastand The WAVE from each OTHERhow then?could we tell that kalabrekeduewere ruffly like randomly galaxies in the real universeMOVING IN JSUT THE RIGHT WAYMORE FRIEEDDMAN LIKE MODELSMORE FREIEEEDMAN LIKE MODELSMORE FRIEEEDMDDMAN LIKE MODELSMORE GENERAL CLASS OFFREEEEEEEEEEREFEEEEEDMAN LIKE MODELSTHER THEREFRORE WITHDERW THERE CLAME IN 1970doesabeginining of timestarted by a british physicitin 1965show that which a start that collapesses under ts own gravity eventualy shrinks to0ZERO0 sizetimeknowastheblackholePANZEUShimself was a grad student despsrately looking for feeshiesprovided the universe were roughly like a freidnman modelcould us it to prove that there was a singularityonley so thatFREIDMANMNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNDEVELOPKNEWTACICSRELIEVETHISa jointpapertheuniversecontaintaisnasmuichasmattermarasweaobesrveonecannt relly argue with the beggining
form within the atmopshereebecause the atomppershe appears thincker when lookingat the lagnleoaof theavVETIRCALsince it appears to be the same and different directionthe univesere must be the same and fdifereent direcitonwhichever direction we look itthe reaction for which we take itintrdocuting a suggestiononce a studenthot and densewhite hottou should still be able to see this glowingits reaching is nownow at first sightbiw that it looks whicerher way it is that we look itIN PARTICULARTHERE ISHWOEVERwe are not for or against this assumptionwe are engrained in our modestynot around under points in the universeNOTessnetially blowing up a balloon which could be the center of the expansionthe fast theyer are moving aprartthe speed at ehich any two gallexces are moving apaeratare precitaded by the proportional distance from usEXATLYhasUblwlefound itITtho it does slow it down a biteventually the falaxies are moving apart at a steady speedfianyllthere is a recollapsein this cas eof eserpartaionhoweeverincreasesFORCEVErbut not quite reaching zerospace is bent round onto itself making it not unlike travelling the surface of the earth against an impassabvle barrier OVER THE EDHEGE back toWHereWoneStaretedthe ideas that make good science fictiondont havepractical syngtificancewould need to travel faster tanlightthat is not allowedtravel faster than lightwillW????will the universe ecaenuatally expand contracintgn?....every 5% 10% EVERYT HOUSE AND YEAARSall the loest estaimate of arate of epxansionmust containt dark matterwhich we know must be ehtereits distorts and racesa aagainst the effect of the emotion on the 1/10th required of lall expnsionsup to the ciritical valueBUT DONT BANK ON ITTall we can sure is the univserse will reccollapse for 1000 milli0000n yearsthis will dooly not sure worry usfor long since man have since died outthey relinquish man for the dine of our dustthe big bangall of the freidman solutions bewtween 10 and 200000 years ago at the time we called the big bagng at the curvature of space time would be invifinite which means that would preidvt that there is a singlukar teime in the uiniveserse that spacee time is smooth and nearly flast theat would space time is infintie ti sbve bthe bi aodofantke iafmoa ajejt akgjoaj akac ocrrespondingly if we know alonly what has happend since the big bang we canknowonlyofwhathadhappenedbeforeittweshouldthereforecontourofoutofthemodelandsayfortimehadabegininingethebigbangprobably becauseeof its catholic church serized on the big bang model in faccoredand withTHEbibbllewas suggested in 1948 by tw0 refugrees whod worked on them radudrudruginyl the warwould therefore look roughly the sameat all poiwnts in space ato allow for the contiunal creation of matteraaboutONE particleper cuble awould not conflict with ecpeiermentwas simplemade defineite prediticsotnsshould be the same wheneverand whereverwe LOokok un the universethe cambridge group showed that most of these radiou sources were interperetedarigihtoutsielowerdediatntstorngierwthereaappaeraigaananearbyaouservstheiscouldhaveameantthateaweweereaataacenterofaaaaALTERNATIVELYthis could mean that shte sources weere more numerous than in the pasteither conflagarationMOREOVERthe discoevery of the microwabe wadiation byPANZEUS and WILSONin the 9156 attmpeted to avoid the conldusionthere wasa ebgigingthey suiggsestd that a big bang might be a peculirarityPERHAPSFEREIDMANDDDDDDDthey were all at the sample placethey all looked eat each other sideaywstheyd been at the same placesonly closeCLSOERtogetherthey mightve flown pastand The WAVE from each OTHERhow then?could we tell that kalabrekeduewere ruffly like randomly galaxies in the real universeMOVING IN JSUT THE RIGHT WAYMORE FRIEEDDMAN LIKE MODELSMORE FREIEEEDMAN LIKE MODELSMORE FRIEEEDMDDMAN LIKE MODELSMORE GENERAL CLASS OFFREEEEEEEEEEREFEEEEEDMAN LIKE MODELSTHER THEREFRORE WITHDERW THERE CLAME IN 1970doesabeginining of timestarted by a british physicitin 1965show that which a start that collapesses under ts own gravity eventualy shrinks to0ZERO0 sizetimeknowastheblackholePANZEUShimself was a grad student despsrately looking for feeshiesprovided the universe were roughly like a freidnman modelcould us it to prove that there was a singularityonley so thatFREIDMANMNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNDEVELOPKNEWTACICSRELIEVETHISa jointpapertheuniversecontaintaisnasmuichasmattermarasweaobesrveonecannt relly argue with the beggining
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